ABSTRACT
Salt stress is said as the most harmful environmental issue affecting the agricultural productivity of manycrops, with deleterious effect on plant growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, vigour, and cropyields. Salt stress induced oxidative stress in plants by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resultsimpairment of cellular membranes, proteins of cells and organelles, especially of mitochondria, chloroplast,and peroxisomes and affects overall integrity of the cell. The various types of ROS are 1O2, H2O2, O2•−, andOH•. Salinity creates osmotic stress in plants that diminishes the root water absorption capacity and causes lossof water from the leaves that increases the accumulation of salts in salt stressed plants. However, plants showtolerance toward salt stress by involving large number of adaptations, for example, osmotic adjustment, ionhomeostasis, hormonal regulation, antioxidant defense system, etc. Biosynthesis of plant growth hormones,such as cytokinins, abscisic acid, auxin, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene play important role inamelioration of salt stress in plants by altering biochemical and physiological process plant tissues. Plantsdevelop ion homeostasis in order to eliminate additional salt ions from cytosol by primary and secondarytransport, maintains the balance of cytosolic concentration of Na+ and K+ ions, thus keeps the low concentrationof Na+ ions in cytosol as they are very harmful to cell when present in higher level. Plants develop antioxidantsystem constituting enzymatic components catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbateperoxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and non-enzymatic components, suchas glutathione, cysteine, tocopherols, and ascorbate that eliminate or neutralize ROS to cope with the oxidativestress by the antioxidant defense system and protect themselves against detrimental effects of ROS. In thisreview, we discuss on salt stress lead production of ROS, their formation, effects, and scavenging.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza in treatment of microcirculatory disturbance based on network pharmacology. Methods: The targets of S. miltiorrhiza’s active components for treatment of microcirculatory disturbance were screened and predicted by utilizing TCMSP, PubChem Search, Genecards database and Swiss target prediction online tool. Cytoscape 3.3.0 software was adopted to construct an active component-microcirculatory disturbance target network. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established by using STRING database. DAVID database was used to analyze metabolism pathway in target gene ontology (GO) biological process, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and gnomes (KEGG). Results: Totally 65 active components of S. miltiorrhiza and nine related targets were screened. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that active components of S. miltiorrhiza participated in oxidation-reduction process, cellular calcium ion homeostasis and other biological processes, and S. miltiorrhiza may regulate VEGF signaling pathway, cholinergic synapse signal transduction, oxytocin signaling pathway, aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption pathway and so on. Conclusion: This study reflects the characteristics of multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways of S. miltiorrhiza in the treatment of microcirculation disturbance, which may provide new ideas and methodology for further research on the treatment of microcirculatory disturbance using S. miltiorrhiza.